Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation alleviates glial activation through suppressing HMGB1/TLR4 pathway in a rat model of Parkinson’s disease [2023]
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11033-023-08561-8
"This study showed that rTMS might be a promising method for alleviating neuroinflammation in PD rat models, and the effects might be mediated through the downregulation of the HMGB1/TLR4 pathway."
![Phytocannabinoids CBD and Δ9-THC
In addition to the phytocannabinoid Δ9-THC, it is estimated that the cannabis plant consists of over 400 chemical entities, of which more than 60 of them are phytocannabinoid compounds. Some of these compounds have been identified as acting uniquely on both CB1 and CB2 receptors separately and simultaneously, and/or to inhibit or activate receptor functions. CBD, like Δ9-THC, is a major phytocannabinoid accounting for up to 40% of the plant's extract. CBD was first discovered in 1940 more than 20 years before Δ9-THC.[104,105] Until recently, Δ9-THC dominated cannabis research. All classes of phytocannabinoid compounds found in marijuana and hemp, including Δ9-THC and CBD, are derived from various changes to base molecular structure of cannabigerol-type compounds [Figure 1].[34,49]](https://files.mastodon.social/media_attachments/files/115/451/684/710/243/698/small/5232140f38ba5b8c.png)