Apart from the general absence of dynastic politics encompassing primarily marriages, the main difference between the European and Ottoman diplomatic venue lay
mostly in cultural practices which can be observed right at the beginning of the diplomatic missions to #Constantinople.

Before entering the Ottoman capital, European #envoys
were officially welcomed by both Ottoman functionaries and representatives of other non-Muslim states who escorted them through the gates of the city following mutually agreed ceremonial routine based on old traditions. Throughout their stay there, the envoys’ capability of digesting Ottoman rules of interaction was tested on several occasions. (5/6)

#emdiplomacy #NewDiplomaticHistory #history #histodons #OttomanEmpire #adventCalendar #adventCalendar2024

@histodons @historikerinnen @earlymodern

His project on Swedish #consuls points to something that seems to be a characteristic of Scandinavian #emdiplomacy: the very close connection between #diplomatic activities and (maritime) #trade interests, commercial #diplomacy in other words.

Permanent #embassies in #Scandinavia developed relatively slowly. It was not before the 1600s that #resident #diplomats became a feature of Scandinavian #diplomacy. We know much more about the foreign #envoys in the North than about Scandinavian diplomats at foreign places. Writing about #earlymodern Danish and Swedish #diplomacy is not easy, as Scandinavia seems to be a blind spot in the historiography on #earlymodern #diplomacy and for #NewDiplomaticHistory. But Martin manages to cover a wide time span from the end of the #MiddleAges to the 18th century. (5/5)

#emdiplomacy #history #histodons

@histodons @historikerinnen @earlymodern

The most important group of #ambassadors to Madrid were the French ambassador, the Imperial ambassador to the Empire, the nuncio, and the Venetian ambassador.

Madrid did not have a diplomatic district. Diplomatic #envoys did enjoy immunity in the #embassy, with the king himself offering them lodgings for rent upon their arrival. Nevertheless, the ambassadors complained of the difficulties in gaining an audience with the ruler.

Following the union of the Portuguese and Spanish crowns in 1580, a global dimension of Spanish #diplomacy was developed which enhanced the reputation of the Spanish kings. (5/n)

@historikerinnen @histodons @earlymodern

Diana Cario-Invernizzi points out that the term Spanish #emdiplomacy is an umbrella term that includes three different types of #diplomacy:

1) It applies to the diplomacy carried out in the name of the Spanish crown to conduct conquest in the non-European world.

2) It includes intra-Spanish diplomacy which is characterised by #envoys sent from various territories of the Spanish realm to meet the king.

3) Last but not least, there is outbound diplomacy which the Spanish crown conducted with other princes and polities in Europe. (3/n)

@historikerinnen @histodons @earlymodern

With the expansion of long-distance trade, beneficial commercial relations turned into the prime subject of foreign relations in certain areas. Policies in dealing with foreigners would often develop organically in port cities with large foreign communities. On certain occasions, this would include the official exchange of #envoys with the representatives from the country of origin of merchant communities. In other geographical settings, such as in the East Asian polities described above, boundaries between foreign relations and foreign trade were blurred for centuries. (7/10)

#emdiplomacy #NewDiplomaticHistory #earlymodern #history #histodons
@histodons @historikerinnen @earlymodern

#OTD 25 October 1648 the solemn publication of the #PeaceOfWestphalia took place in Münster & Osnabrück. #emdiplomacySources inform us in particular about the events in Münster, where the #WestphalianPeaceTreaty had been signed the day before: The day began with thanksgiving services of all denominations. Catholic #envoys gathered in the cathedral church, Lutheran #diplomats met at the Swedish envoys. Reformed envoys held their service in Brandenburg envoy Wittgenstein's house. 1/5 #emdiplomacy