Malm noted: “1840 was a pivotal year in history, for both the Middle East and the climate system. It marked the first time the British Empire deployed steamboats in a major war. Steam power was the technology through which dependence on fossil fuels came into being: Steam engines ran on coal, and it was their diffusion through the industries of Britain that turned this into the first fossil economy.
“Only by exporting it to the rest of the world and drawing humanity into the spiral of large-scale fossil fuel combustion,” Malm writes, “did Britain change the fate of this planet: The globalization of steam was a necessary ignition. The key to this ignition, in turn, was the deployment of steamboats in war. It was through the projection of violence that Britain integrated other countries into the strange kind of economy it had created — by turning fossil capital, we might say, into fossil empire.”
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