1939 – From Prague Castle, Hitler proclaims Bohemia and Moravia a German protectorate.

1983 – Nicolas Rousseau, French road bicycle racer, born

1935 – John Macleod, Scottish physician and physiologist, Nobel Prize laureate (born 1876), died

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1802 – The Army Corps of Engineers is established to found and operate the United States Military Academy at West Point.

1949 – Erik Estrada, American actor, born

1992 – Yves Rocard, French physicist and engineer (born 1903), died

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1951 – Iranian oil industry is nationalized.

1845 – Hallie Quinn Brown, African-American educator, writer and activist (died 1949), born

2016 – Asa Briggs, English historian and academic (born 1921), died

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1875 – Archbishop of New York John McCloskey is named the first cardinal in the United States.

1974 – Robert Fick, American baseball player, born

1891 – Joseph Bazalgette, English engineer and academic (born 1819), died

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1986 – Collapse of Hotel New World: Thirty-three people die when the Hotel New World in Singapore collapses.

1941 – Mike Love, American singer-songwriter and musician, born

2011 – Smiley Culture, English singer and DJ (born 1963), died

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1823 – Sailor Benjamin Morrell erroneously reported the existence of the island of New South Greenland near Antarctica.

1962 – Terence Trent D'Arby, American singer-songwriter, born

2014 – David Brenner, American comedian, actor, and author (born 1936), died

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1922 – After Egypt gains nominal independence from the United Kingdom, Fuad I becomes King of Egypt.

1975 – will.i.am, American rapper, producer, and actor, born

1981 – René Clair, French director and screenwriter (born 1898), died

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1874 – France and Vietnam sign the Second Treaty of Saigon, further recognizing the full sovereignty of France over Cochinchina.

1989 – Gil Roberts, American sprinter, born

2004 – Philippe Lemaire, French actor (born 1927), died

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2006 – The 2006 Chadian coup d'état attempt ends in failure.

1978 – Pieter van den Hoogenband, Dutch swimmer, born

1989 – Zita of Bourbon-Parma, Empress of Austria and Queen of Hungary (born 1892), died

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1939 – Slovakia declares independence under German pressure.

1913 – Dominik Tatarka, Slovak writer (died 1989), born

2016 – Suranimala Rajapaksha, Sri Lankan lawyer and politician (born 1949), died

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1979 – Alia Royal Jordanian Flight 600 crashes at Doha International Airport, killing 45 people.

1954 – Brian Smith, Australian rugby league player and coach, born

1921 – Bernard Ryan executed Irish republican (born 1901), died

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1931 – Alam Ara, India's first talking film, is released.

1874 – Anton Philips, Dutch businessman, co-founded Philips Electronics (died 1951), born

1883 – Karl Marx, German philosopher and theorist (born 1818), died

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2006 – The 2006 Chadian coup d'état attempt ends in failure.

1914 – Bill Owen, English actor and songwriter (died 1999), born

1973 – Chic Young, American cartoonist (born 1901), died

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1900 – The Gold Standard Act is ratified, placing the United States currency on the gold standard.

1980 – Ben Herring, New Zealand rugby player and coach, born

2012 – Ċensu Tabone, Maltese general and politician, 4th President of Malta (born 1913), died

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1900 – British forces occupy Bloemfontein, Orange Free State, during the Second Boer War.

1989 – Sandy León, Venezuelan baseball player, born

1923 – Josephine Leary, American real estate entrepreneur (born 1856), died

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1781 – William Herschel discovers Uranus.

2004 – Coco Gauff, American tennis player, born

1271 – Henry of Almain, English knight (born 1235), died

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624 – The Battle of Badr, the first major battle between the Muslims and Quraysh.

1898 – Henry Hathaway, American director and producer (died 1985), born

2013 – Clive Burr, English drummer and songwriter (born 1957), died

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1979 – The New Jewel Movement, headed by Maurice Bishop, ousts the Prime Minister of Grenada, Eric Gairy, in a coup d'état.

1987 – Marco Andretti, American race car driver, born

2025 – Sofia Gubaidulina, Russian-German pianist and composer (born 1931), died

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2016 – Three gunmen attack two hotels in the Ivory Coast town of Grand-Bassam, killing at least 19 people.

1973 – David Draiman, American singer-songwriter, born

1881 – Alexander II of Russia (born 1818), died

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1815 – Participants at the Congress of Vienna declare Napoleon an outlaw following his escape from Elba

1989 – Sandy León, Venezuelan baseball player, born

1990 – Bruno Bettelheim, Austrian-American psychologist and author (born 1903), died

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