This article does mention #Mining! Not surprising!
Promises and Pitfalls: #China’s Financing of the #AtewaBauxite #Mining Project in #Ghana
Author: Angela Benefo & Michael Addaney
Date Published: July 11, 2021
"The #AtewaForestReserve in Ghana is a possible site for the development of an integrated #BauxiteAluminum mine through a Chinese resource-backed loan. Despite the opportunities for infrastructure development presented by the loan, this project carries significant risks. This article draws attention to #environmental sustainability challenges and the #DebtTrap conundrum associated with the proposed arrangement.
"President Xi Jinping has touted China’s recently unveiled Five-Year Plan as his country’s pursuit of ‘ecological civilization,’ a vision of promoting environmental sustainability and enhanced human-ecological interactions within and beyond China. However, China’s ability to promote ecological civilization in developing countries in line with this Plan will be challenging due to China’s generally poor environmental protection record in such contexts. For instance, while China claims it is prioritizing environmental sustainability in Africa, the #extractive projects initiated by its private sector do not align with this stated goal. These projects serve China’s broader interests and often create environmental consequences and problematic debt, therefore requiring a more careful analysis. A Chinese-backed bauxite-aluminum mine planned for a forest reserve in Ghana highlights the debt-trap concerns and environmental sustainability challenges created by some Chinese investments.
The Challenges of #ChineseLoans across #Africa
"China continues to play an enormous role in financing massive infrastructure projects in Africa. As the world’s largest official #creditor, China and its subsidiaries have invested billions of dollars across Africa’s energy, transportation, and mining sectors. Despite China’s indispensable contributions to infrastructure development in sub-Saharan Africa, there are valid concerns over how African countries will repay these massive debts to China.
"Compared to other official lenders such as the International Monetary Fund (#IMF) and the #WorldBank, Chinese loans are less challenging to acquire. For instance, the IMF monitors the amount of debt held by a country and will not provide more loans until a country seeks debt relief. Chinese lenders have more lenient terms and allow low-income African countries to borrow large amounts without much accountability—issuing loans which may be considered too risky by the IMF and other international lenders.
"Historically, China has entered into strategic agreements with developing countries to finance development projects while collateralizing the country’s natural resources. The growing demand for external finance for important infrastructure projects—some of which are overly ambitious and unsustainable—poses great risks to African economies, which risk losing their collateral and the possibility of debt distress.
"Chinese loans are often characterized by lack of transparency. Chinese financiers set tough conditions for financing large infrastructure projects, taking advantage of vulnerable African leaders desperate to complete ambitious developmental projects. For instance, the construction of a $10 billion port project in #Tanzania was suspended after careful consideration of the terms and conditions of the Chinese loan. The project, which the former president John Magufuli called 'exploitative and awkward,' would have rented the port to the Chinese government for ninety-nine years as repayment.
"In Ghana, Chinese financing over the past two decades has spanned various sectors including power, information communication technology (#ICT), #transportation, and #agriculture. Chinese foreign direct investment is estimated to be three times the size of EU countries’ investment in Ghana. Some of these loans are backed by resources such as #cocoa and #oil. For instance, #Sinohydro has allegedly agreed to deliver $2 billion worth of infrastructure projects across the country, which Ghana would pay back with proceeds from the sale of refined bauxite. An estimated $646 million of the initial $2 billion loan have been approved for disbursement. The Ghanaian government also signed a loan commitment of $550 million in 2019. Entering these types of agreements with China demands careful consideration by the Ghanaian government."