We need to re-activate the #OldNeuroPapers
#OldNeuroPapers
#JohnBickle #neurohistory lecture:
#compneuro limits
A Hodgkin & A Huxley
1952s
Papers quartet duo written
—with one B Katz trio
Pioneering voltage-clamp squid neural implant.
First action potentials recordings!
Last paper on how maths calculus derived from experiments datasets.
Thus predictions caveat:
Never link causal mechanisms.
ps: Q&A critical feedback:
Skilled lecturer turns into scientific dialogues!
The idea that ephaptic coupling is involved in neuronal synchrony was put forward back in 1970 by N. Yu. Belenkov, "Ephaptic Transmission of Excitation as a Factor in the Synchronization of Neuronal Activity", published in the book "Electrophysiology of the Central Nervous System" 978-0306303814
(idk why he says the etymology of ephaptic means "to set on fire," it's epi- hapto-, as in haptic https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E1%BC%90%CF%86%CE%AC%CF%80%CF%84%CF%89#Ancient_Greek )
apropos of NMDARs Glutamate:
fav top notch most impressive #scihistory #neurolecture ever!
"Unnoticed Features of Exploratory Experiments from the 60-Year History of the N-methyl - D-aspartate (NMDA) Receptor"
https://youtu.be/xrNrLcE2RZE
John Bickle
2023
From 1949 Hebb
'in one or both cells'
then Watkins, Morris, Collingridge, etc. to
2023 #PhilSci Haueis
#neurophysiology
#neurohistory
#neurodon
#neuroscience
#oldneuropapers
#cogsci
#neurobuzz
#systemsneuroscience
#complexsystems
Hi everyone! here is our annual call for #PhD #students
Please #boost !!
We are a happy bunch of engineers, biologists, psychologists and medical doctors trying to make sense of the #neurophysiology of action-perception coupling during solo (boring) and interactive (fun!) tasks.
We do a lot of #brainstimulation , #electroencephalography , #motioncapture , etc
We're also a weird bunch, because we love the #history of ideas, #OldNeuroPapers and many other unrelated things :))
Here are some recent representative publications:
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36327142/
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36328272/
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35372806/
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34433079/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7598921/
"The velocity of thought"
Directly from 1870, a true gem from the past.
M. Foster writes about recent explorations moving from the quantification of 'physiological time' or nerve conduction speed (Helmholtz) to the 'speed of thought', which, using the subtractive method, allowed Donders to open up a whole new world to us.
https://www.nature.com/articles/002002a0
*The description of the technique used to measure the short intervals between electrical stimulation of nerves and muscle activity gives a measure of the epic nature of science at that time.
For a little more context:
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12535921/
*The conclusions (screenshots below) could be written today:
- We need standardisation of the tool/instruments
- We need large samples to draw accurate inferences
#neuroscience #psychology #cognition #history #OldNeuroPapers
#replicability
add some tags —even easily by editing after posting— to improve such kind of cool posts, ie:
#neurohistory
#neurodon
#neuroscience
#oldneuropapers
cc
@NicoleCRust for aditional tag suggestions!
@LeonDLotter The ML community started using #PaperThread - @NicoleCRust set up #oldneuropapers to highlight fundamental neuro work and one could do #newneuropapers for new publications to keep it consistent. I feel it’s generally been a bit quite here over the holidays but I am sure the #neuroscience community will start sharing their new work again more actively soon!
@PessoaBrain @TEG. Thanks! 1980s. Since we already decided that's not old, at least for some of us (in terms of the #OldNeuroPapers initiative), let's call that newish.
There were some versions of basal ganglia loops involving emotion/motivation in the mid 1980s.
The famous paper is of course this one, which led all textbooks to talk about a "limbic loop" (but please avoid this term!).
I never had the chance to track it further back, but it would be a beautiful project! 🙂
Also: current understanding of basal ganglia loops have evolved from the idea of segregated loops, although some still like this notion.
Last one for today is this classic on > The unsuccessful self-treatment of a case of “writer's block” <
Pushing the hashtag a bit, it could maybe even count as an #OldNeuroPapers - not really Neuro but to promote the hasttag a bit!
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1311997/
4/n
#OldNeuroPapers #neuroscience #HistoryOfIdeas #ITcortex #ObjectRecognition
Coda:
We see even in this coarse reading, establishing the role of IT cortex in object recognition and processing was nearly a six-decade culmination of work by multiple researchers working on the anatomy, physiology, theory and behavior.
Large parts of what I have written is from Society for Neuroscience’s “The History of Neuroscience in Autobiography” of Charlie Gross:
https://www.sfn.org/-/media/SfN/Documents/TheHistoryofNeuroscience/Volume-6/c4.pdf
I highly recommend to students and neuroscientists alike to make use of this excellent resource that SfN has to offer:
https://www.sfn.org/about/history-of-neuroscience/autobiographical-chapters
10/10
#OldNeuroPapers #neuroscience #HistoryOfIdeas #ITcortex #ObjectRecognition
Yasushi Miyashita and his group in Tokyo around the late 80s furthered the short-term pictorial memory in IT and how they relate to long term associational memory.
Justine Sergent at McGill in the early 90s showed the first evidence of a dedicated face processing region in the ventral stream, which Nancy Kanwisher later clearly established in the mid to late 90s for its domain specificity and calling it the Fusiform Face Area (FFA). Nancy also identified another region that was dedicated exclusively to places/scenes, Parahippocampal Place Area (PPA)
9/10
#OldNeuroPapers #neuroscience #HistoryOfIdeas #ITcortex #ObjectRecognition
Mort Mishkin and the Gross gang during the same period showed IT cortex receives inputs from the striate cortices, thus establishing the ventral stream visual pathway. In the early 80s, a plethora of what were then hard to synthesize/reconcile studies of different brain areas were synthesized by Mort Mishkin and the great Leslie Ungerleider, into what we now know as the famous the dual visual (dorsal and ventral stream) pathways for visual recognition.
8/10
#OldNeuroPapers #neuroscience #HistoryOfIdeas #ITcortex #ObjectRecognition
In the 1980s, much of the work on extra striate cortex, and IT was driven by Charlie's lab and his protégés, especially Bob Desimone, Tom Albright, and later Earl Miller, John Duncan. Their work further established IT neurons were selective to particular classes of objects, attention related effects, as well as suppression of activity by repeated presentation (including a sort of short-term memory).
7/10
#OldNeuroPapers #neuroscience #HistoryOfIdeas #ITcortex #ObjectRecognition
Charlie Gross then moved to Princeton in the 1970s. Bob Desimone (my mentor), and Tom Albright joined as some of his first grad students. The inimitable Eric Schwartz joined them as a postdoc for a couple years. The Gross lab in the mid to late 1970s established systematically that IT neurons responded to complex visual inputs, their overall shapes, and thus objects rather than to individual features like orientations, or color, or simple curvature. This led to the funny and famous story of the "toilet-brush" neurons. The toilet-brush neurons also responded to “hand” cells that Charlie had earlier identified, so the “fingers” in the two were the commonality. This led them to come up with the idea of Fourier shape descriptors to suggest how the brain builds the "it" from the "bits" (a forerunner to all the modern linear combination of activities to give an output response, including the currently in-vogue deepnet models).
6/10
#OldNeuroPapers #neuroscience #HistoryOfIdeas #ITcortex #ObjectRecognition
In the middle to late 1960s, then at MIT, George Gerstein, and a dashing young Charlie Gross (my intellectual grandfather), inspired by single neuron recordings of Hubel and Wiesel, and the work of Pribram and Mishkin, stuck microelectrodes in IT cortex of awake monkeys and showed that they responded to visual stimuli. This was the first demonstration of neurons being active for visual inputs far away from the striate areas!
Later Peter Schiller joined them in the experiments. They also showed these neurons were involved in attentional mechanisms. The input stimuli, however were still rudimentary and not resembling anything “object” like: diffused light, orientation, movement etc., And then by happenstance, Charlie found "face" and "hand" cells (much like how Hubel and Wiesel found orientation cells by complete accident, slipping of the image on the projector)!
5/10
#OldNeuroPapers #neuroscience #HistoryOfIdeas #ITcortex #ObjectRecognition
The great Karl Pribram (at Stanford) and Mortimer Mishkin (at NIH) towards the end of the 1960s performed focalized lesions in macaques in only the IT cortex (instead of the entire MTL as reported in Klüver-Bucy). In their experiments, they observed that such lesions only led to deficits in visual processing, and learning!
4/10
#OldNeuroPapers #neuroscience #HistoryOfIdeas #ITcortex #ObjectRecognition
While neurosurgeons were working with patients and characterizing the syndrome, there was a short interregnum in the world of visual neuroscience, thanks to the groundbreaking work (dare I say, paradigmatic leap) from David Hubel and Torsten Wiesel with their experiments in the striate cortex (V1, V2) and LGN.
3/10
#OldNeuroPapers #neuroscience #HistoryOfIdeas #ITcortex #ObjectRecognition
Heinrich Klüver in the 1930s wanted to study the effects of mescaline(!) in macaques after bilateral temporal lobectomy. Paul Bucy, a neurosurgeon performed the surgery and experiments. However, Bucy did not observe any of the hypothesized effects of mescaline and instead discovered that the animal had significant impairment/abnormalities. These broadly included: subdued/docile emotional expressions, adverse sexual behavior, dietary changes, utilization behaviors, increased tendency to use the mouth for exploring the world, and finally, but most importantly for our story, difficulties in visual learning and agnosia!
In the 1950s, neuroscientists and surgeons documented and confirmed similar behaviors in humans who had temporal lobectomy. Today, we know this as the famous/eponymous Klüver-Bucy syndrome due to bilateral lesions (or tumors) of the medial temporal lobe (MTL).
2/10
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