Austerity Britain – part 1 (A World to Build) by David Kynaston
I’m half-way through this excellent book and I think it is possibly the most enjoyable history volume I’ve read. This is largely to do with Kynaston’s rich range of sources, which include the Mass Observation project (MO). MO was a sociological project that ran from 1937 to the 1960s, and was a way of recording testimony about everyday life in Britain, as recorded by volunteers who filled in questionnaires, kept diaries, and recorded overheard conversations. It’s my kind of history. I’m always far more interested in the quotidien details for ordinary people than I am in what the toffs were up to. You can read more about Mass Observation here.
Which is not to say that the toffs aren’t here too, because they are. Writing diaries, memoirs, recording the details of meetings in Number 10, or complaining that you can’t get good servants nowadays. There are chapters dealing with the Atlee government and the extreme challenges it faced as it introduced the Welfare State and the NHS, and dealt with public expectations of what life ought to be like after the war. And there is lots of detail about town planning and the housing crisis: the prefabs and the blocks of flats, and the huge amounts of concrete being poured.
The first part of this takes us up to the middle of 1948, just before the Olympic Games. It’s an era of extreme shortages and ch-ch-changes. Soldiers being demobbed, families with nowhere to live, queues for everything – from bread to birdseed, and (in 1947) power cuts amidst the coldest winter since 1814. They couldn’t get coal to the power stations and so – in freezing temperatures – power was cut for five hours a day. And then, when people could get a bag of coal, it had lumps of slate in it, and lots of dust.
It’s interesting to note that the peace when it came (in 1945) didn’t feel like peace ought to feel. There was a golden period between VE day and VJ day, but after this people felt cheated of the peace they’d fought for by the unsettling presence of the atomic bomb and the beginning of the Cold War (1948 saw the start of the Berlin Airlift). And by shortages and rationing that felt worse than the war. Underfed and overtaxed, we spend our lives in queues docketed and ticketed. The first post-war Christmas was ruined by shortages and price gouging. Butchers refused to pay the inflated prices set by their suppliers, so their hooks hung empty.
It was the era of the spiv – the dodgy geezer in a shiny suit with a David Niven moustache. It was also an era of high crime. One person came home to find that someone had been in and stolen an overcoat, some tinned sardines, a pound of tea and two pots of marmalade. Such small things, but also so painful to lose in an era of rationing and shortages. Can you imagine?
A fascinating detail for me was the idea that people were desperate for privacy after the war. It seems to say so much about the British character that, as soon as it was over, they wanted no more of the kind of communal living forced on them by the Blitz or by life in the Services. People generally didn’t want to live in prefabs, but they appreciated their modern amenities: doors and walls, and a modern kitchen, a private bathroom. I remember when I was young that trips into London on the St Pancras line would take you through Cricklewood, where there were still prefabs by the railway tracks. I think the last of them were demolished as recently as 2011.
What people most definitely didn’t want was to live in a block of flats. Only about 15% of people, when asked, said they thought they might like it. But up they went anyway. Not as many as the planners wanted, but enough. And the new towns: Stevenage, Hatfield, Hemel Hempstead. And places like Houghton Regis, a smallish village between Luton and Dunstable, get housing estates we were still calling “London Overspill” in the 60s.
It was (another) era of a Labour government, with a majority, which failed to tackle the problem of the private schools, or the House of Lords, or Oxbridge. Too much else on their plates, and the Tories quietly seething in the background, waiting for power to inevitably come their way again. At the same time, the more cynical Tories quite glad for Labour to be getting the blame for all these things beyond their control, like cold winters, and runs on the currency.… ’twas ever thus. And the fundamental truth about the Labour movement, then as now: that the activists are always more idealistic and thoughtful than those being acted upon, who are conservative to their very bones.
Anyway, this is a cracking read, highly recommended.
#1940s #austerity #history #prefab