In addition, I learned this a few days ago:
1. since Attribution is under Moral Rights, and
2. only the Author/Creator is granted Moral Rights, and
3. an Author/Creator is defined as a natural person, then
it is mandatory for works to be Attributed to the Author/Creator. If one gives attribution to a legal entity, it is considered misattribution and a violation of the Philippine Intellectual Property Law.
Unlike the US, the Philippines doesn't give an Attribution/Moral Rights to a legal entity. The legal entity can only receive Economic Rights, either through work-for-hire or transfer.
In other words:
- Attribution always belong to the Author/Creator and it is mandatory. (Moral Rights)
- Copyright ownership can be transferred or owned by a legal entity. (Economic Rights)
Strictly speaking:
❌ © YEAR Legal-entity.
✅ © YEAR Legal-entity · Created/made by Author(s).
✅ © YEAR Author(s) · Legal-entity.
✅ © YEAR Author(s).
It is also incorrect to write: © YEAR Group/Team. Because a group/team is not a natural person. It's better to write it as: © YEAR named authors and contributors. (Which then links to a page with names of authors and contributors.)
Wait?! These are wrong?
❌ © YEAR Legal-entity.
❌ © YEAR Group/Team.
Strictly speaking. Since Authors/Creators are not suing anyone for not giving them proper Attributions, the practice continues.
It is only in the US where a Legal-entity is granted the Moral Right to be Attributed as an Author/Creator despite them not a "natural person". 🤷🏽
(Which probably is the reason why those two formats are common, because everyone is trying to copy the USA without being aware it is only valid there.)
Again, don't confuse Moral Rights and Economic Rights.
Attribution is part of Moral Rights. Moral Rights are only granted to Authors/Creators. An Author/Creator is a "natural person", not an entity.
Economic Rights is transferrable (for example, Copyright and Licensing groups like FILSCAP) , and can also be acquired through work-for-hire (your employer). They are generally called the Rightsholder. They can be the Copyright owner but not the Author/Creator.
👉🏽 #IANAL #TINLA