Lmst

#Thyroid

The #thyroidgland consists of two larger lobes. These lobes, in turn, are made up of many smaller lobules, each containing tiny capsules that store #thyroidhormones. The #thyroid secretes these #hormones as needed into the #bloodstream to regulate #energy levels, #metabolism, #growth, and #development, and #bodytemperature. While a properly functioning thyroid is important for everybody, it's especially essential for #growingchildren and #teens. #angstromminerals #traceminerals #HealthyHabits

In patients undergoing #thyroid surgery due to nodules, #SPINA-GT is lower (and the set point of the homeostatic system higher) in cases of thyroid cancer compared to benign nodules.

https://doi.org/10.3389/fendo.2025.1595002

Table: Characteristics of euthyroid subjects with benign disease or differentiated thyroid cancer. Patients with cancer have lower SPINA-GT and a higher set point (TSHI and TT4RI) than patients with benign nodules.

Table: Association between thyroid parameters (per SD change) and differentiated thyroid cancer in total subjects. SPINA-GT is negatively associated to the presence of cancer.

Signalling via #thyroid hormones is more than T3 and T4. It involves 27 molecules based on the thyronine skeleton, 10 transmembrane transporters, 3 deiodinases, 6 receptors, and 4 types of action, unfolding a complex firework of possibilities, explaining health and disease.

https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-96-3682-2_3

Table from the book "Hypothyroidism – a Paradigm Shift" by Hoermann and Dietrich: Four receptor types (THRalpha1, THRbeta1, THRbeta2, THRbeta3, p43 and alphaVbeta3) convey thyroid signals in different tissues.

Table from the book "Hypothyroidism – a Paradigm Shift" by Hoermann and Dietrich: Eleven types of transporters with different hormone- and tissue-specificity carry thyroid hormones through cell membranes.

Figure from the book "Hypothyroidism – a Paradigm Shift" by Hoermann and Dietrich, showing an opened cell with the interaction of different thyroid hormones, transporters, deiodinases and signaling types.

Table from the book "Hypothyroidism – a Paradigm Shift" by Hoermann and Dietrich: Three types of deiodinases mediate step-up and step-down reactions interconverting thyroid hormones and leading to activation and inactivation.

How to eat with thyroiditis?

It is recommended to limit the intake of such foods: cranberries, which contain up to 350 µg of iodine per 100 g of product, seaweed, which contains up to 100,000 µg of iodine per 100 g of product, feijoa, which contains up to 300 µg of iodine per 100 g of product, squid, which contains up to 200 mcg of iodine per 100 g of product, cod, which contains up to 135 mcg of iodine per 100 g of product.

#thyroid #nutrition #Nutritionthyroid #Thyroidnutritionfacts

Relational stability is a major motif of the intertwined feedback loops of #thyroid #homeostasis. The integrated systemic roles and interdependent homeostatically regulated equilibrium of TSH, FT4 and #deiodinases maintains appropriate FT3 concentrations.

https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-96-3682-2_2

Figure from chapter 2 of the book "Hypothyroidism – A Paradigm Shift". Relational stability between TSH, FT4 and FT3 and preservation of FT3 homeostasis (a), FT3 concentrations do not parallel the decline of FT4 concentrations but remain homeostatically controlled and stable over a wide range of TSH values (b).

Figure from chapter 2 of the book "Hypothyroidism – A Paradigm Shift". Absence of relational stability and loss of FT3 homeostasis in athyreotic LT4-treated patients 2.1 above, FT3 homeostasis is broken in the absence of a functioning thyroid gland. It is no longer preserved and protected by TSH and FT4 (a). Rather, FT3 levels are now correlated with both FT4 and TSH concentrations (b).

Computer simulations with #SimThyr enhance our understanding of the physiology of hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid feedback control. This applies, for example, to the evolution of #TACITUS syndrome.

#thyroid #hypothyroidism #NTIS #biocybernetics

https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-96-3682-2_6

Figure from the book "Hypothyroidism: A Paradigm Shift" by Hoermann and Dietrich: Combination of peripheral and central mechanisms leading to the low-T3 syndrome. The activities of peripheral (GD1) and central (GD2) deiodinases diverge to cause the low-T3 phenotype. The graph shown has been produced by computer simulation with the free app SimThyr.

Little bit of nervous venting, I have to go to thyroid specialist hospital for detailed examination. My GP checked my thyroid with ultrasound and told me to get detailed examination as soon as possible. “Cancer thing “or not, I worry about Medical Gaslighting as I met too many those doctors .

My GP is an angel for atheist me and many of locals but I don’t think he has some connections.

#Thyroid

#MedicalGaslighting
#Medical
#Health

Published by the endocrinologist who finally found out what my issues were, after a 10 year odyssey and doctors telling me it was just in my head. #thyroid #Schilddrüse

RE: https://bsky.app/profile/did:plc:yxkip4xxf4mlialvuuoisc2w/post/3lq6gav3sds2u

Our eBook on #hypothyroidism has been published. The new cybernetic theory presented here summarises our scientific work of more than 20 years and lays the foundation for improved diagnosis and therapy of #thyroid disorders.

The book is available in EPUB and PDF formats.

https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-96-3682-2

Title page of the book "Hypothyroidism" by Hoermann and Dietrich.

This book revolutionizes our understanding of the regulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis and the homeostasis of the thyroid system, offering a groundbreaking framework for diagnosing and treating hypothyroidism. By challenging conventional approaches, it addresses the pressing need for improved treatment quality, especially for patients experiencing persistent symptoms despite standard levothyroxine therapy. Delve into a comprehensive exploration of hypothyroidism, from its definition and pathophysiology to patient presentation and endocrine regulation. The chapters illuminate critical topics such as iodine metabolism, thyroid hormone signaling, and the intricacies of the hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis. With contributions from leading experts, this book presents a paradigm shift in clinical care by integrating recent advances in thyroid regulation into practical treatment strategies. Readers will uncover why many patients fail to respond adequately to current treatments and discover innovative approaches to diagnosis and therapy. Ideal for medical professionals, researchers, clinicians, and specialists interested in thyroid disease, this book is also invaluable for general practitioners and informed patients seeking deeper insights into their condition. Aspiring endocrinologists will find it particularly educational, aligning with curriculum requirements while offering a fresh perspective..

The Bioscientifica Open #Endocrinology collection on #ScienceOpen features all #OpenAccess articles from 6 topical journals, including Endocrine-Related #Cancer, Journal of Molecular Endocrinology, European #Thyroid Journal, and more:
🔗 https://www.scienceopen.com/collection/Bioscientifica_Endo

How A2 Ghee Benefits Children’s Health

https://www.reachingworld.live/how-a2-ghee-benefits-childrens-health/

#Food #Health #A2BilonaGhee #A2Ghee #BrainDevelopment #Children #ChildrenHealth #DigestiveHealth #ImmuneBoosting #Thyroid #WeightGain

#Thyroid hormones play a pivotal role in #thermoregulation and the attunement to hot and cold #climates. Recent research found global patterns of variants in the UCP1 and UCP3 genes and #SPINA-GD (step-up #deiodinase activity), suggesting integrated adaptation.

https://doi.org/10.3390/biology14050454

Figure 1. Effect of the rs3811787 of UCP1 gene in human adaptation to cold: (a) The levels of FT3 as a function of rs3811787 genotypes of the UCP1 gene; (b) Association analysis of the TT rs3811787 genotype between SPINA-GD; (c) Association analysis of the TT rs3811787 genotype between BSA; (d) The geographical distribution of the frequencies of the T rs3811787 (UCP1) allele in global human populations to identify signals of natural selection for cold climate adaptation.

Figure 2. Effect of the rs1800849 of UCP3 gene on human adaptation to cold: (a) The levels of FT3 as a function of rs1800849 genotypes of the UCP3 gene; (b) Association analysis of TT rs1800849 genotype between SPINA-GD; (c) Association analysis of TT rs1800849 genotype between BSA; (d) The geographical distribution of frequencies of the T rs1800849 (UCP3) allele in global human populations to identify signals of natural selection for cold climate adaptation.

Figure 3. The mechanism of BAT-mediated regulation of thyroid hormones and basal metabolic rate from the allelic variants rs3811787 of the UCP1 gene. Note. In the carriers of the T allele, with the active form of the UCP1 protein, brown adipocytes mitochondria use higher concentrations of T3 for increased heat generation during adaptive thermogenesis, which increases T3 clearance and in response increases peripheral deiodination (SPINA-GD), which raises blood levels of FT3 and basal metabolic rate. In carriers of the C allele, with a less active form of the protein, brown adipocytes will use less T3, which will not significantly increase SPINA-GD and blood levels of FT3, hence the metabolic rate will not significantly improve.

What processes are observed in the body with hypothyroidism?

There is a risk of edema due to fluid retention, metabolic processes slow down, the concentration of cholesterol increases and a decrease in the metabolism of fats and cholesterol is noticed.

#hypothyroidism #thyroidproblems #hypothyroid #thyroid

THYROID TEST कराते समय इन बातों का जरूर ध्यान रखें

Dr. Vijay Krishan
MBBS, General Physician
📞V Care Health India
Phone: +91-9999201616 , +91-9350789077

Watch Full Video - https://youtu.be/ZLgEOXP8oiE?si=tqIYIqXGC0ZO3pm-
#thyroid #thyroidtest
#vcarehealthindia #health #medical #diagnostics #bloodtest #onlineconsultation #wecarehealthindia #vcare #wecare #diagnostics #healtheducation

#Thyroid hormones profoundly impact the #cardiovascular system. They act at all levels, ranging from the tier of ion currents over cellular processes to the macroscopic levels of myocardial tissue and even the whole organism.

https://doi.org/10.3389/fcvm.2022.942971

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36046184/

Thyroid hormone signalling involves four different mechanisms. T4 is a prohormone with respect to genomic signaling, but a true fast-acting hormone regarding type 4 action (which is inhibited by the iodothyroacetate TETRAC). Genomic action (type 1, type 2 and mitochondrial signaling) occurs on a slow time scale, whereas non-genomic effects (type 3 and type 4 signaling) represent a fast response (A). Thyroid hormone receptors (THR) usually act as heterodimers. Without thyroid hormone bound they block the transcription together with corepressors. Iodothyronines displace the corepressors and stimulate gene expression together with coactivators (B). Tissue specific distributions of THRs further contribute to the diversity of signaling patterns in the organism (C). AF-1, activation function 1; AF-2, activation function 2; D2, type 2 deiodinase; DBD, DNA-binding domain; HAT, histone acetyl-transferase; HDAc, histone deacetylase; LBD, ligand-binding domain; RXR, retinoid X receptor; TRE, thyroid-hormone response element.

Thyroid hormones have a profound effect on the intracellular processes of rhythm generation. The figure shows mechanisms of rhythm generation in cardiomyocytes based on a model by Maltsev et al. Two loops, an external membrane loop and an internal calcium loop, independently ensure the generation of impulses. Therefore, they provide some redundancy, but they are also intertwined at the stage of slow L-type Ca2+ current (ICaL) activation. Thyroid hormone signalling can modulate both loops simultaneously via interfaces at several sites, and direct myocardial effects of TSH are largely opposing. gK, ionic conductance for K+; INCX, Na+/Ca2+ exchange current; ICaT, T-type Ca2+ current; If , hyperpolarisation-activated “funny” current; IK, voltage-gated K+ current; Ist , sustained non-selective current; Ito, transient outward potassium current; LCR, local Ca2+ release; SERCA, sarcoendoplasmic reticulum Ca2+-ATPase; SR, sarcoplasmic reticulum.

Selected mechanisms of arrhythmogenesis by thyroid hormones at the cellular level. T3 (and other active thyroid hormones) upregulate the gene expression of beta1 and beta2 adrenoceptors via classical genomic signaling, but downregulate protective beta3 adrenoceptor expression. The transcription of critical genes for the formation of gap junctions is downregulated as well. Potassium channels are regulated via classical type 1 signaling and via non-genomic effects (type 4 action) as well. Purple arrows indicate the effects of gene expression (transcription, translation and associated processing steps), green arrows visualize the impact of T3-agonistic thyroid hormones.

$On a macroscopic level, elevated concentrations of thyroid hormones promote arrhythmia by slowing down electrical conduction and reducing the effective refractory period. (A,B) Simplified model of the effects of thyroid hormone signalling facilitating disorders of impulse conduction. Iodothyronine action reduces both the effective refractory period (ERP) and the conduction velocity (θ). As a consequence, the wavelength of excitation λ = ERP x θ may get shorter than the dimensions of a potential re-entry circuit, thus giving rise to re-entrant tachycardia.$

The #cardiovascular system is sensitive to #thyroid hormones. Even mild deviations of the free #thyroxine concentration from a (probably individual) optimum confer a significantly increased risk for #MACE (major adverse cardiovascular events).

https://doi.org/10.3389/fcvm.2022.942971

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36046184/

Forrest plots showing the hazard ratio for major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE, A) and cardiovascular death (CVD, B) in relation to TSH concentration

Forrest plots showing the hazard ratio for MACE (A) and CVD (B) in relation to FT4 concentration

Forrest plots showing the hazard ratio for inclusive MACE (A), study-specific MACE (B) and CVD (C) in subclinical hypothyroidism

Forrest plots showing the hazard ratio for MACE (A,B) and CVD (C) in subclinical hyperthyroidism

Importance of Thyroid Test in Diabetes

Dr. Vijay Krishan
MBBS, General Physician
📞V Care Health India
Phone: +91-9999201616 , +91-9350789077

Watch Full Video - https://youtu.be/q_A9lC0OKq0?si=-AxQIspsNkvvvZre

#diabetes #dibatesimportance #bloodtest #importanttests #thyroid #thyroidtest
#vcarehealthindia #health #medical #diagnostics #bloodtest #onlineconsultation #wecarehealthindia #vcare #wecare #diagnostics #healtheducation

#Iodine helps the #thyroid gland, in the neck, to make the #hormone #thyroxine. Thyroxine controls many of the ways certain body cells work. Thyroxine is important for the growth of #bones and #nerves, and affects how #proteins, #fats and #carbohydrates are used in the body (#metabolism). #angstromminerals #healthylife
Get yours here: https://angstrom-minerals.com/?dt_id=2139817

Medical treatment of #hyperthyroidism, i.e. #thyrotoxicosis due to overproduction of #thyroid hormone, remains a challenge. We developed a new dosage methodology based on model predictive control (MPC), which is faster and more stable than the usual trial-and-error approach. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ifacol.2025.03.041

Fig. 1. Simplified block diagram of the pituitary-thyroid feedback loop. The thyroid produces the hormones T3 and T4. On the one hand, this process is stimulated by TSH, a hormone secreted from the pituitary. On the other hand, this process is inhibited by Methimazole (MMI), an antithyroid agent (i.e., a medication), which constitutes the control input in this work. The hormone T4 gets converted into T3 by the enzymes 5’-deiodinase type I (D1) and 5’-deiodinase type II (D2). Finally, TRH (which is a natural hormone, and not a medication) stimulates the production of TSH.

Fig. 2. Illustration of the guidelines given by the American Thyroid association (ATA) (Ross et al., 2016). The treating physician may encounter many difficulties to select one precise dosage using these (rather vague) recommendations.

Fig. 3. Simulation results of an exemplary treatment based on the guidelines introduced in Ross et al. (2016). We apply the mean medication dosage for each interval, e.g., if the concentration of FT4 (which is proportional to T4) is within 27−42 pmol/L, we apply 7.5 mg. As disturbances, we consider forgotten dosages and measurement noise as explained in Section 3.

Fig. 4. Course of the hormone concentrations and the corresponding MMI dosages that are taken orally once per day. The dosages are determined by the MPC scheme introduced in Subsection 2.2. As explained in Section 3, we consider forgotten dosages, a model-plant mismatch, and some measurement noise as disturbances.

Anyone else sitting in stomach agony right now 😒😮‍💨 same old thing, rock hard stomach, shooting pains 😕 seen it mentioned a lot recently that going gluten free can help thyroid problems, think it’s a plan…#thyroid #hashimotos #StomachPain #glutenfree

#Thyroid

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