Geography in 60 seconds 🌍
#shorts #UPSC #SSC #PSC #Geography #PlateTectonics #Earthquake #GK
#PlateTectonics
hard to swallow that all this would have little or no effect on #platetectonics - but, I have been talked down from this mental ledge several times by smarter folks.
real sciencey ones.
geologists, in this case.
Mid-Proterozoic Expansion Of Passive Margins And Reduction In Volcanic Outgassing Supported Marine Oxygenation And Eukaryogenesis
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https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2025.119683 <-- shared paper
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https://zenodo.org/records/17353904 <-- supplementary data
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#proterozoic #platetectonics #tectonics #deepcarboncycle #eukaryogenesis #evolutionoflife #life #evolution #geology #geologichistory #pangea #supercontinent #diversification #volcanic #offgassing #marine #thermodynamics #model #modeling #spatialanalysis #spatiotemporal #nuna #subduction #structuralgeology #CO2 #carbondioxide #climate #eukaryotic #BoringBillion #rodinia #oceanbasins #marinechemistry #outgassing #global #earth
The Origin Of Continents And Ocean Basins by M. V. Muratov
Professor Mikhail Muratov, P.Sc., Corr. Mem. USSR Acad. Sci., is Head of the Chair of Regional Geology and Paleontology, Moscow Institute of Geological Prospecting. He is the winner of State and Lenin Prizes.
This book deals with the origin, structure, and tectonic behavior of the earth’s crust beneath continents and oceans and describes principal stages of the earth’s geologic history. The author attaches much importance to geosynclinal cycles and their role in continental crust build-up and discusses intriguing hypotheses explaining the present day face of our planet.
Translated from the Russian by V. Agranat
You can get the book here and here.
Twitter: @MirTitles
Mastodon: @mirtitles@mastodon.world
Mastodon: @mirtitles@mastodon.social
Bluesky: mirtitles.bsky.social
Preface
Chapter I. Structure and Age of the Earth’s Crust
Face of the Earth (9)
Continental and Oceanic Crust of the Earth (12)
Age of the Earth’s Crust (17)
Chapter II. Continental Crust
Inhomogeneity of the Structure (24)
Unconformities and Their Significance (30)
Evolution of Fold Areas and Formation of Platform Basement (33)
Chapter III. The Basic Component Parts of the Continents: Ancient Platforms and Fold Belts
The Importance of Ancient and Young Platforms in the Structure of Continents (36)
A Brief Outline of the Structure of Continents (36)
Constituent Elements of Ancient Platforms (40)
Fold Belts (41)
Chapter IV. The Structure and History of Geosynclinal Fold Areas
The Study of Geosynclines (48)
The Structure of Geosynclinal Fold Areas (50)
An Outline History of Geosynclinal Areas (52)
Main Stage (52)
Orogenic Stage (59)
Formations of Sedimentary and Volcanic Series of Geosynclinal Areas (61)
Differences in Ages of Geosynclinal Areas and in Formations of Troughs (69)
The Role of Intrusive Complexes in the Geosynclinal Cycle (73)
Geosynclinal Areas: Proliferous Sources of Valuable Minerals (79)
Two Principal Types of Geosynclinal Areas and Their Role in the Build-up of the Granitic-Metamorphic Layer of the Earth’s Crust (85)
Chapter V. Structure and History of the Basement of Ancient Platforms
Major Structural Units (87)
The Structure of Archean Massifs (88)
Proterozoic Fold Areas (90)
The Protosedimentary Cover of Ancient Platforms (94)
Outline History of the Basement of Ancient Platforms (95)
The Basement of Ancient Platforms: Mineral Resources (98)
Chapter VI. History of Fold Belts and Formation of the Basement of Young Platforms
Generation of the Riphean Basement of Major and Minor Belts (100)
Formation of the Paleozoic Basement of the Ural-Mongolia, Atlantic, and Arctic Belts (103)
History of the Mediterranean Fold Belt (106)
Inland Sea Basins and the Indonesia Area (108)
History of the Circum-Pacific Belt (112)
Formation of Granitic and Metamorphic Rocks of the Basement Within Fold Belts (124)
Chapter VII. Evolution of Ancient and Young Platforms
Basic Stages (127)
The Origin of Platform-Type Depressions (130)
Principal Valuable Minerals of the Sedimentary Cover of Platforms (132)
Volcanic Belts and Epiplatform Orogenesis (132)
Valuable Minerals in the Activated Areas of Platforms (134)
Chapter VIII. The Topography and Tectonics of the Ocean Floor
Principal Topographic Features and the Physiography (136)
Principal Tectonic Features of the Ocean Floor (140)
Pacific Ocean (140)
Indian Ocean (143)
Atlantic Ocean (144)
Arctic Ocean (147)
Chapter IX. The Origin of Ocean Basins in the Light of Geologic Evidence
The Physiography of the Pacific Bed and Its Probable Origin (149)
The Physiography of the Atlantic, Indian, and Arctic Beds and Their Origin (154)
Hypotheses Explaining the Conversion of Crustal Material Beneath the Ocean Floor (157)
Mobilistic Hypotheses Involving Continental Displacement (158)
Expanding Earth Hypothesis (165)
The Probable Age and the Mode of Formation of Ocean Basins (167)
Chapter X. Major Historical Events and the Stages of Formation of the Earth’s Crust
The Early Existence of the Earth Before Crust Formation (170)
The Basaltic Crust Before Hydrosphere Formation (170)
The Formation of the Granitic-Metamorphic Crust of Ancient Platforms (173)
The Consolidation of the Basement of Young Platforms (175)
The Latest Stage in the Development of the Earth’s Crust (177)
The General Trend in the Development of the Earth’s Crust (179)
Bibliography
Name Index
Subject Index
#1977 #geography #geologicalCycles #mirPublishers #oceanFloors #oceans #plateTectonics #sovietLiterature
Earth’s 8th Continent Buried Under The Pacific Finally Mapped By Scientists [Zealandia / Te Riu-a-Māui - “Finally”? ~wink~]
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https://dailygalaxy.com/2025/10/earth-8th-continent-finally-mapped/ <-- shared (somewhat) technical article
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https://doi.org/10.1029/2023TC007961 <-- shared 2023 paper
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https://youtu.be/DDbc4K7bgnA?si=EZFmmPFybPLLyND7 <-- shared animation
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"KEY POINTS
• Basalts and pebbly to cobbly sandstones have been dredged from the Fairway Ridge, Coral Sea
• Dating of the rocks and interpretation of magnetic anomalies allow mapping of major geological units across North Zealandia
• This work completes offshore reconnaissance geological mapping of the entire 5 million square km Zealandia continent…”
#geology #doggerland #Zealandia #TeRiuaMaui #godwana #godwanaland #cretaceous #mapping #geologicmapping #spatialanalysis #model #modeling #NewZealand #SouthPacific #continent #sampling #sediment #dredging #petrography #geochemistry #isotope #analyses #research #cenozoic #intraplate #platetectonics #tectonics #eocene #remotesensing #geophysics #geomagnetism
Terrestrial Oceans And Lunar Maria by G.F. Makarenko
About the Book
Both the Earth and the Moon have been repeatedly involved in episodes of volcanic activity induced by the heating of the interior of the two planets. Before the onset of each epoch of outpourings of lava that filled volcanic seas, arcuate and ring-shaped mountain chains encircled these seas in different regions of the planets.
The Moon is a “simplified model” of the Earth. Reviewing the structures of the Earth and the Moon simultaneously, we shall better understand the origins and compositions of the mountain ranges of the Pacific coast and see why the Atlantic-type oceans are not surrounded by mountains, and what is common in the structure of the volcanic floor of terrestrial oceans and lunar maria.
The book is intended for a wide circle of geologists, geographers, and astronomers and will also be of interest to those who are specializing in the geology of the Earth and the Moon.
About the Author
Galina Makarenko graduated from the Moscow Geological Exploration Institute named after Sergo Ordzhonikidse as an engineer-geologist. She is currently a member of the geological faculty at Moscow State University, where she conducts scientific research in the areas of geotectonics and volcanism. In addition to her research, she teaches general geology and trains both students and post-graduate students.
For many years, Makarenko participated in scientific expeditions in regions of ancient volcanism, with her candidate thesis dedicated to the geology of these areas. Her expeditions to Kamchatka and the Kuril Islands focused on comparing ancient volcanoes with active ones. Her doctoral thesis is centered on the extensive sheets of volcanic rocks found on the Earth’s continents and oceans.
She has published three monographs and numerous articles. Today, the author is actively engaged in collecting new data in the field of comparative planetology.
Translated from the Russian by
V.F. AGRANAT and V.F. POMINOV
You can get the book here and here.
Twitter: @MirTitles
Mastodon: @mirtitles@mastodon.world
Mastodon: @mirtitles@mastodon.social
Bluesky: mirtitles.bsky.social
Introduction 7
Earth: A Planet in a Basaltic Shell 11
A View of the Earth from Space 11
Mountains and Plains of Terrestrial Continents and Oceans 14
Volcanic Seas of Terrestrial Continents 22
Magma Melts Solidified at Depth 35
Basaltic Seas on Terrestrial Ocean Floors 40
Volcanic Rises on the Basaltic Ocean Floor 49
What Is Concealed by Lavas Lying on the Ocean Floor? 52
The Age of Terrestrial Basalts and Their Relationships with Different Structures 58
The Age of Trap Seas on the Continents 58
The Age of Volcanic Seas on the Ocean Floor 63
Volcanic Seas of Continents and Geosynclines 70
Volcanic Seas on the Ocean Floors and Island Arcs 81
Are Continental Basalts Similar to Oceanic Basalts on Earth? 88
Lava Maria on the Waterless Moon 93
The Distribution of Volcanic Maria 93
The Age of Lunar Basaltic Maria 102
Ridges and Grooves on the Floor of Lunar Maria 115
How Lunar Maria Were Formed? 120
Volcanic Maria of Planets Behind Arcuate Mountains 123
Volcanic Seas of the Earth and the Moon Have Similar Constitution 123
The Structures of the Earth and the Moon Are Symmetrical Relative to Their Axes of Rotation 131
Arcs and Rings of the Earth’s Oldest Mountains 135
The Centrifugal Wave in the Development of Mountain Arcs 147
The Moon Is a Simplified Model of the Earth 154
#earth #geology #lava #lavaFlow #moon #mountains #oceanFloors #plateTectonics #rocks #seas #sovietLiterature #valleys #volcanicSeas
The early ideas about plate tectonics were still quite controversial & unpopular. Heezen dismissed this as “girl talk” - though really a vital piece of #PlateTectonics puzzle.
Tharp believed rift was real though she hadn’t convinced Heezen. In 1952, they began working on physiographic maps, which really gave a sense of the geology, & were not US Navy classified, so they could publish. A 2nd project involved plotting earthquakes, & Heezen insisted they work at same scale. 🧵3/n
PLEASE NOTE: This only includes the ebook Plate Tectonics in PDF :)
Download Fossen's textbook now! 👉 https://lttr.ai/AirGg
Plate Tectonics
Haakon Fossen, Christian Teyssier
Cambridge University Press
Format: PDF
Print ISBN: 978-1108476232, 1108476236
eText ISBN: 978-1108750738, 978-1108615808, 1108615805, 1108750737
Copyright: 2026
Heezen dismissed this as “girl talk” - though really a vital piece of #PlateTectonics puzzle.
Tharp believed rift was real though she hadn’t convinced Heezen. In 1952, they began working on physiographic maps, which really gave a sense of the geology, & were not US Navy classified, so they could publish. A 2nd project involved plotting earthquakes, & Heezen insisted they work at same scale. Heezen noticed that ocean earthquake epicentre data also formed long lines - 🧵
La Terre pourrait reformer un supercontinent nommé Aurica d'ici 250M d’années. Climat extrême en vue.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aurica_(supercontinent)
#Science #Geology #PlateTectonics #Aurica #ClimateFutures
The Daily Galaxy: Earth’s Hidden Ocean of Fire: The Untold Story Shaping Our Planet’s Core…
New simulations reveal a hidden “ocean of fire” that once existed above Earth’s core, influencing the planet’s internal landscape. These ancient molten seas, known as the basal magma ocean, were a product of Earth’s chaotic beginnings, and they continue to impact the planet’s underground dynamics today... #earthscience #geography #platetectonics
Hired as technician "she had a hard time convincing [her superior, PhD student] Heezen, who initially dismissed her ideas as "old wives’ tale". In fact, it took #Tharp a whole year to persuade her male colleague that she was right, by showing the correlation between her #bathymetricMaps and that of earthquakes in the Atlantic"
"Being a #woman, she wasn't at that time allowed to embark on oceanographic vessels, or earn a PhD"
#GreenlandIce usage
#GreenlandCanadaPipeline
(2/n)
... a thought experiment, let's reduce the geographical reach for a moment, b/c "thinking globally" never solves any real-world problems:
The American north east, the area b/W #CAN and #DK (#Greenland.)
I have no idea about water depths and #PlateTectonics in that region, but wouldn't a #WaterPipeline be feasible?
#CAN will need increasing amounts of water for #ForestFire fighting, and more and more...
Non-Collisional Orogeny In Northeast Japan Driven By Nearby Same-Dip Double Subduction
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https://doi.org/10.1038/s41561-025-01704-5 <-- shared paper
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#geology #structuralgeology #japan #subduction #system #plate #geometry #mantle #tectonics #geodynamics #orogeny #Ryukyu #IzuBoninMarianas #kinematics #backarc #earthquake #fault #faulting #orogenesis #platetectonics
"The only way we could chart the seafloor was by throwing heavy things downward. Everything that lay beneath a few miles of water might as well have been on the moon."
Elise Cutts for Pioneer Works Broadcast: https://pioneerworks.org/broadcast/picture-this-tectonic-plates-marie-tharp-elise-cutts
#Longreads #Geology #Oceanography #Science #Maps #PlateTectonics #ContinentalDrift #Women
23-Apr-2025
Melting #glaciers at the end of the #IceAge may have sped up #continentalDrift, fueled volcanic eruptions
https://www.eurekalert.org/news-releases/1080959 #science #geology #plateTectonics
Study reveals ‘flawed argument’ in debate over when plate tectonics began | Live Science…
Earth's crust today has a surprisingly similar composition to the planet's first outer shell, or "protocrust," new research finds... #platetectonics #continentaldrift #geography #earthsciences #geology
Study reveals ‘flawed argument’ in debate over when plate tectonics began | Live Science…
Earth's crust today has a surprisingly similar composition to the planet's first outer shell, or "protocrust," new research finds... #platetectonics #continentaldrift #geography #earthsciences #geology
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